Fig. 5: Differential metabolite pathway analysis.

KEGG enrichment plot of differential metabolites with A CG1 vs. CG3, C CG1 vs. CG5, E CG3 vs. CG5. The horizontal axis and vertical axis denote the enrichment factor and the corresponding metabolic pathway name for each pathway, respectively. The color of the dot indicates the P-value obtained from the hypergeometric test; The color ranges from blue to red, with a deeper red indicating lower P-values. The size of the dots indicates the number of differential metabolites associated with each pathway. Pathway analysis diagram with B CG1 vs. CG3, D CG1 vs. CG5, F CG3 vs. CG5. Each bubble in the bubble map represents a differential metabolic pathway, with the horizontal coordinates indicating the location of each bubble and the size of the bubbles reflecting the magnitude of the impact factor associated with each pathway in the topological analysis; the vertical coordinates of the bubble represent its location, while the color of the bubble indicates the P-value derived from the enrichment analysis (calculated as the negative natural logarithm, i.e., −ln(p)). A darker color corresponds to a smaller P-value, reflecting a greater significance in terms of enrichment. CG1: CGE aging for 1 year, CG3: CGE aging for 3 years, CG5: CGE aging for 5 years.