Fig. 4: SPI and GP-SPI supplementation altered serum and fecal bile acid (BA) profiles. | npj Science of Food

Fig. 4: SPI and GP-SPI supplementation altered serum and fecal bile acid (BA) profiles.

From: Grape polyphenols reduce fasting glucose and increase hyocholic acid in healthy humans: a meta-omics study

Fig. 4

A Adjusted PCoA (aPCoA) plots of serum BAs at day 0 and 10. B Subject stratified PERMANOVA test results based on Euclidean distance of BA profile in serum of total participant pool, females, or male groups. C Individual BAs that were significantly changed in serum of total participants pool (left panel), females (middle panel), and males (right panel). Total BA (TBA) included LCA, HCA, HDCA, UCDCA, CDCA, DCA, GUDCA, GCDCA, GDCA, GLCA, TUDCA, TCDCA, TLCA, ωMCA, αMCA, βMCA, CA, GHCA, GCA, THDCA, TωMCA, TβMCA, and TCA. BA were also summed as primary BAs (PBA), secondary BAs (SBA), conjugated BA, or unconjugated BA and the ratio of total HCA species detected from total BA. Significance was determined by Wilcoxon test for nonparametric data or paired t test for parametric data, based on normality of data as determined by Shapiro-Wilks test.

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