Fig. 6: GP-SPI induced transient changes to gut bacterial proteins.

A Number of up- or down-regulated fecal microbial proteins after 5 days of SPI-supplementation (Day 0 vs Day –5), or after GP-SPI-supplementation (Day 0 vs. Day 2, 4, or 10), based on a threshold of q ≤ 0.25. B PCoA plot of microbial proteins based on Euclidean distance, where each dot represents a subject. C PCoA plot of microbial proteins based on Euclidean distance, presented as mean ± SEM of male and female groups at each timepoint. D Adjusted PCoA (aPCoA) plot based on Euclidean distance, where each dot represents a subject. E Subject stratified PERMANOVA test results based on Euclidean distance of total participant pool, males, and females. F Chord diagram displaying bacterial source of the COG proteins changed by GP-SPI on day 2, 4, or 10 vs. day 0, threshold of q ≤ 0.25. G Heatmap showing distribution of COG (A-V) categories (%) over days –5, 0, 2, 4, and 10 of the study. Difference was determined by Freidman test followed by Dunn’s posthoc test comparing each timepoint to day 0. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001, ****p < 0.000001. H KEGG Enrichment bubble plots showing pathways (with 2 or more proteins) affected over 2 or more timepoints during the GP-SPI supplementation (i.e., Day 0 vs. Day 2, 4 or 10). The vertical axis represents the enriched KEGG classification (fold >1.5, p < 0.05). The horizontal axis is the rich factor, representing the ratio of the number of differentially expressed proteins to those in the entire KEGG pathway. The size of the circular area represents the number of differentially expressed proteins, and the circular color represents the enrichment adjusted p value (p.adjust) of the differentially expressed proteins under the KEGG classification. I Heatmaps of the top 4 enriched canonical pathways. Gradient towards green are up-regulated proteins, and towards red are down-regulated proteins.