Fig. 1: Ingredients of anthocyanin extract from red bayberry and its safe concentrations for STC-1 and NIT-1 cells.

A The process of anthocyanin extraction and identification. B UPLC profiles of the anthocyanin extract at 520 nm. C STC-1 cell viability was analyzed by cell viability assay (n = 6). D NIT-1 cell viability was analyzed by cell viability assay (n = 6). Con: negative control under low glucose; C3G: different concentrations of C3G intervention. Any two groups labeled with different letters (e.g., a, b, or c) on the histogram, indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).