Table 10 Analysis of variance for the microwave-assisted extraction of astaxanthin with different solvents from P. maeoticus Gammarus

From: Green astaxanthin extraction using microwave and ultrasound pretreatments

Factor

Sum of squares

Degrees of freedom (df)

Mean sum of squares

F-value

P-value

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

Total carotenoid content

Model

156.35

3.48

1083.10

3

3

3

52.12

1.16

361.03

6.23

0.2445

1.53

0.0052

0.8640

0.2443

X1

141.04

2.19

550.42

1

1

1

141.04

2.19

550.42

16.86

0.4610

2.34

0.0008

0.5069

0.1458

X2

0.9181

0.3183

335.31

1

1

1

0.9181

0.3183

335.31

0.1097

0.0671

1.42

0.7447

0.7990

0.2501

X3

14.39

0.9747

197.38

1

1

1

14.39

0.9747

197.38

1.72

0.2054

0.8384

0.2082

0.6565

0.3735

Residual

133.86

75.93

3766.89

16

16

16

8.37

4.75

235.43

      

Lack of Fit

111.36

45.11

3122.55

11

11

11

10.12

4.10

283.87

2.25

0.6654

2.20

0.1912

0.7341

0.1978

Pure Error

22.49

30.82

644.34

5

5

5

4.50

6.16

128.87

      

Cor Total

290.20

79.41

4849.99

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin concentration

Model

105.75

2.45

722.01

3

3

3

35.25

0.8173

240.67

8.37

0.2032

2.16

0.0014

0.8926

0.1322

X1

105.15

0.8532

555.52

1

1

1

105.15

0.8532

555.52

24.97

0.2122

4.99

0.0001

0.6513

0.0400

X2

0.1613

0.0674

25.52

1

1

1

0.1613

0.0674

25.52

0.0383

0.0168

0.2294

0.8473

0.8986

0.6384

X3

0.4414

1.53

140.98

1

1

1

0.4414

1.53

140.98

0.1048

0.3807

1.27

0.7503

0.5459

0.2768

Residual

67.37

64.35

1779.67

16

16

16

4.21

4.02

111.23

      

Lack of Fit

52.93

37.39

1185.92

11

11

11

4.81

3.40

107.81

1.67

0.6304

0.9079

0.2987

0.7571

0.5871

Pure Error

14.44

26.96

593.75

5

5

5

2.89

5.39

118.75

      

Cor Total

173.13

66.80

2501.68

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin recovery yield

Model

241.78

118.64

281.98

3

3

3

80.59

39.55

93.99

3.35

0.7619

0.7842

0.0456

0.5318

0.5200

X1

115.53

11.36

16.00

1

1

1

115.53

11.36

16.00

4.80

0.2189

0.1335

0.0437

0.6462

0.7196

X2

12.88

28.93

233.58

1

1

1

12.88

28.93

233.58

0.5349

0.5574

1.95

0.4751

0.4661

0.1818

X3

113.37

78.34

32.40

1

1

1

113.37

78.34

32.40

4.71

1.51

0.2703

0.0454

0.2370

0.6102

Residual

385.32

830.52

1917.74

16

16

16

24.08

51.91

119.86

      

Lack of Fit

341.94

269.77

1613.70

11

11

11

31.09

24.52

146.70

3.58

0.2187

2.41

0.0850

0.9832

0.1708

Pure Error

43.38

560.75

304.04

5

5

5

8.68

112.15

60.81

      

Cor Total

627.10

949.16

2199.72

19

19

19

         
  1. X1, X2, and X3 are independent variables that correspond to the ratio of solvent to sample, power of the device, and extraction time, respectively.
  2. OS organic solvent, VO vegetable oil, IME ionic microemulsion.
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