Table 3 Analysis of variance for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin with different solvents from F. merguiensis shrimp wastes

From: Green astaxanthin extraction using microwave and ultrasound pretreatments

Factor

Sum of squares

Degrees of freedom (df)

Mean sum of squares

F-value

P-value

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

Total carotenoid content

Model

1181.66

1542.45

2667.65

3

3

3

393.89

514.15

889.22

6.87

17.86

39.45

0.0035

<0.0001

<0.0001

X1

1054.01

1197.45

2630.53

1

1

1

1054.01

1197.45

2630.53

18.39

41.60

116.70

0.0006

<0.0001

<0.0001

X2

0.1416

156.95

0.6682

1

1

1

0.1416

156.95

0.6682

0.0025

5.45

0.0296

0.9610

0.0329

0.8655

X3

127.51

188.05

36.46

1

1

1

127.51

188.05

36.46

2.23

6.53

1.62

0.1552

0.0211

0.2216

Residual

916.87

460.51

360.65

16

16

16

57.30

28.78

22.54

      

Lack of Fit

600.80

191.66

284.57

11

11

11

54.62

17.42

25.87

0.8640

0.3241

1.70

0.6118

0.9445

0.2905

Pure Error

316.07

268.84

76.08

5

5

5

63.21

53.77

15.22

      

Cor Total

2098.53

2002.96

3028.31

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin concentration

Model

928.85

1548.20

2144.63

3

3

3

309.62

516.07

714.88

8.68

16.68

28.33

0.0012

<0.0001

<0.0001

X1

847.58

1220.36

2091.44

1

1

1

847.58

1220.36

2091.44

23.77

39.44

82.89

0.0002

<0.0001

<0.0001

X2

5.78

129.10

1.52

1

1

1

5.78

129.10

1.52

0.1621

4.17

0.0604

0.6925

0.0579

0.8089

X3

75.49

198.74

51.67

1

1

1

75.49

198.74

51.67

2.12

6.42

2.05

0.1650

0.0221

0.1717

Residual

570.64

495.02

403.72

16

16

16

35.66

30.94

25.23

      

Lack of Fit

411.68

178.27

318.65

11

11

11

37.43

16.21

28.97

1.18

0.2558

1.70

0.4570

0.9722

0.2898

Pure Error

158.95

316.75

85.06

5

5

5

31.79

63.35

17.01

      

Cor Total

1499.49

2043.22

2548.35

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin recovery yield

Model

251.89

204.00

31.06

6

3

3

41.98

68.00

10.35

2.16

2.62

4.55

0.1147

0.0867

0.0173

X1

134.40

141.90

15.23

1

1

1

134.40

141.90

15.23

6.93

5.46

6.69

0.0207

0.0327

0.0198

X2

27.76

4.45

11.38

1

1

1

27.76

4.45

11.38

1.43

0.1713

5.01

0.2530

0.6845

0.0398

X3

0.7076

57.65

4.45

1

1

1

0.7076

57.65

4.45

0.0365

2.22

1.96

0.8515

0.1557

0.1810

Residual

68.09

415.61

36.39

1

16

16

68.09

25.98

2.27

3.51

  

0.0837

  

Lack of Fit

0.8978

130.90

33.14

1

11

11

0.8978

11.90

3.01

0.0463

0.2090

4.63

0.8330

0.9856

0.0517

Pure Error

20.03

284.71

3.26

1

5

5

20.03

56.94

0.6513

      

Cor Total

252.24

619.61

67.45

13

19

19

         
  1. X1, X2, and X3 are independent variables that correspond to the ratio of solvent to sample, power of the device, and extraction time, respectively.
  2. OS organic solvent, VO vegetable oil, IME ionic microemulsion.
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