Table 4 Analysis of variance for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin with different solvents from P. maeoticus Gammarus

From: Green astaxanthin extraction using microwave and ultrasound pretreatments

Factor

Sum of squares

Degrees of freedom (df)

Mean sum of squares

F-value

P-value

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

Total carotenoid content

Model

585.55

25.86

1668.78

3

3

3

195.18

8.62

556.26

13.67

5.59

11.97

0.0001

0.0081

0.0002

X1

574.64

2.92

1466.38

1

1

1

574.64

2.92

1466.38

40.24

1.89

31.55

<0.0001

0.1876

<0.0001

X2

1.78

8.60

3.32

1

1

1

1.78

8.60

3.32

0.1248

5.57

0.0714

0.7285

0.0313

0.7928

X3

9.13

14.34

199.09

1

1

1

9.13

14.34

199.09

0.6394

9.29

4.28

0.4356

0.0077

0.0550

Residual

228.49

24.69

743.75

16

16

16

14.28

1.54

46.48

      

Lack of Fit

157.90

19.77

645.53

11

11

11

14.35

1.80

58.68

1.02

1.83

2.99

0.5303

0.2624

0.1185

Pure Error

70.59

4.92

98.23

5

5

5

14.12

0.9838

19.65

      

Cor Total

814.04

50.55

2412.53

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin concentration

Model

489.09

22.58

1068.89

3

3

3

163.03

7.53

356.30

14.32

5.28

8.91

<0.0001

0.0101

0.0011

X1

482.04

2.42

934.41

1

1

1

482.04

2.42

934.41

42.34

1.70

23.37

<0.0001

0.2110

0.0002

X2

7.05

3.71

11.76

1

1

1

7.05

3.71

11.76

0.6195

2.60

0.2941

0.4427

0.1262

0.5951

X3

0.0002

16.45

122.72

1

1

1

0.0002

16.45

122.72

0.0000

11.53

3.07

0.9965

0.0037

0.0989

Residual

182.15

22.83

639.72

16

16

16

11.38

1.43

39.98

      

Lack of Fit

134.75

19.60

564.44

11

11

11

12.25

1.78

51.31

1.29

2.76

3.41

0.4118

0.1360

0.0933

Pure Error

47.39

3.23

75.28

5

5

5

9.48

0.6453

15.06

      

Cor Total

671.24

45.41

1708.60

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin recovery yield

Model

368.02

525.68

74.88

3

3

3

122.67

175.23

24.96

9.25

1.08

2.55

0.0009

0.3846

0.0924

X1

263.58

0.4040

56.03

1

1

1

263.58

0.4040

56.03

19.87

0.0025

5.72

0.0004

0.9608

0.0294

X2

38.65

76.51

17.74

1

1

1

38.65

76.51

17.74

2.91

0.4728

1.81

0.1071

0.5016

0.1972

X3

65.79

448.77

1.12

1

1

1

65.79

448.77

1.12

4.96

2.77

0.1139

0.0406

0.1153

0.7402

Residual

212.22

2589.13

156.76

16

16

16

13.26

161.82

9.80

      

Lack of Fit

150.32

2390.77

97.53

11

11

11

13.67

217.34

8.87

1.10

5.48

0.7484

0.4890

0.0366

0.6810

Pure Error

61.90

198.36

59.23

5

5

5

12.38

39.67

11.85

      

Cor Total

580.24

3114.81

231.64

19

19

19

         
  1. X1, X2, and X3 are independent variables that correspond to the ratio of solvent to sample, power of the device, and extraction time, respectively.
  2. OS organic solvent, VO vegetable oil, IME ionic microemulsion.
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