Table 9 Analysis of variance for the microwave-assisted extraction of astaxanthin with different solvents from F. merguiensis shrimp wastes

From: Green astaxanthin extraction using microwave and ultrasound pretreatments

Factor

Sum of squares

Degrees of freedom (df)

Mean sum of squares

F-value

P-value

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

OS

VO

IME

Total carotenoid content

Model

50.83

1661.64

1084.96

3

3

3

16.94

553.88

361.65

0.0999

18.40

3.93

0.9589

<0.0001

0.0280

X1

19.20

1656.29

817.98

1

1

1

19.20

1656.29

817.98

0.1132

55.03

8.90

0.7409

<0.0001

0.0088

X2

24.13

5.33

98.47

1

1

1

24.13

5.33

98.47

0.1423

0.1772

1.07

0.7110

0.6794

0.3161

X3

7.51

0.0125

168.52

1

1

1

7.51

0.0125

168.52

0.0443

0.0004

1.83

0.8360

0.9840

0.1946

Residual

2713.35

481.58

1470.77

16

16

16

169.58

30.10

91.92

      

Lack of Fit

2144.96

274.65

1266.69

11

11

11

195.00

24.97

115.15

1.72

0.6033

2.82

0.2869

0.7749

0.1310

Pure Error

568.40

206.93

204.08

5

5

5

113.68

41.39

40.82

      

Cor Total

2764.18

2143.22

2555.74

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin concentration

Model

239.70

1269.90

905.58

3

3

3

79.90

423.30

301.86

0.6598

21.09

4.40

0.5887

<0.0001

0.0195

X1

152.73

1265.40

686.68

1

1

1

152.73

1265.40

686.68

1.26

63.05

10.00

0.2780

<0.0001

0.0060

X2

18.29

0.0897

98.09

1

1

1

18.29

0.0897

98.09

0.1511

0.0045

1.43

0.7026

0.9475

0.2494

X3

68.67

4.41

120.81

1

1

1

68.67

4.41

120.81

0.5671

0.2200

1.76

0.4624

0.6454

0.2033

Residual

1937.53

321.10

1098.47

16

16

16

121.10

20.07

68.65

      

Lack of Fit

1379.89

191.24

946.63

11

11

11

125.44

17.39

86.06

1.12

0.6694

2.83

0.4796

0.7315

0.1300

Pure Error

557.63

129.86

151.84

5

5

5

111.53

25.97

30.37

      

Cor Total

2177.22

1591.01

2004.06

19

19

19

         

Astaxanthin recovery yield

Model

1573.10

24.72

7.93

3

3

3

524.37

8.24

2.64

5.58

0.3253

0.0882

0.0081

0.8071

0.9655

X1

645.13

2.83

4.01

1

1

1

645.13

2.83

4.01

6.87

0.1117

0.1338

0.0185

0.7425

0.7193

X2

170.90

14.38

0.7182

1

1

1

170.90

14.38

0.7182

1.82

0.5674

0.0240

0.1961

0.4622

0.8789

X3

757.07

7.52

3.20

1

1

1

757.07

7.52

3.20

8.06

0.2967

0.1070

0.0118

0.5935

0.7479

Residual

1502.55

405.35

479.26

16

16

16

93.91

25.33

29.95

      

Lack of Fit

1128.33

205.60

140.26

11

11

11

102.58

18.69

12.75

1.37

0.4679

0.1881

0.3842

0.8635

0.9900

Pure Error

374.22

199.75

338.99

5

5

5

74.84

39.95

67.80

      

Cor Total

3075.65

430.07

487.18

19

19

19

         
  1. X1, X2, and X3 are independent variables that correspond to the ratio of solvent to sample, power of the device, and extraction time, respectively.
  2. OS organic solvent, VO vegetable oil, IME ionic microemulsion.
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