Fig. 5: Erythritol interferes with circadian rhythms in larval zebrafish.

A The sleep/wake experiment flowchart. The image is created by the author, and there is no copyright or conflict of interest. B, C Normalized waking activity (B) and normalized total rest (C). The exposed groups’ and the controls’ mean values were shown by the red and blue lines, accordingly. The on and off lighting was represented by the black and white bars. D The result of K-means clustering analysis (K = 2). The black bar signifies the night, the white bar symbolizes the day, and the rows reflect various sleep/wake factors. The various erythritol treatment concentrations are shown in columns. Red denotes higher than the control group, and green shows lower than the control group for these metrics, which are standardized with the control group. E–I Significance analysis of rest total (E), the number of rest bouts (F), rest bouts length (G), total activity (H), and waking activity (I), in the treated and the control groups. Each value represents an average of 16 larvae. The lighting was represented by the black and white bars, respectively. J The five behavior parameters’ fingerprints. Rows represented the various erythritol-treated groups. Various behavior parameters were displayed in columns. The standard deviation from the control group was used to standardize the data. They were either greater or lesser than the controls, as represented by the colors red and blue. The lighting was represented by the black and white bars, respectively. K Schematic diagram of clock genes. The image is created by the author, and there is no copyright or conflict of interest. L–N Core clock genes bmal1b, clock1a, and rev-erba: relative mRNA expression in the daily rhythm. N = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.