Fig. 2

Approach to estimate essential amino acid consumption rates using growth rate data. a Schematic of Essential Nutrient Minimization (ENM) approach; b comparison of model-solved essential amino acid minimal uptake rates and measured exchange fluxes for 12 essential amino acids under different cultivation conditions. Literature experimental data include: High producer (HP), low producer (LP), sodium butyrate treatment (NaBu), early exponential phase (Early Exp), late exponential phase (Late Exp), and temperature shift (Cold 1 and Cold 2).9,21,22 Uptake rates are in units of millimole/gram dry weight/hour