Table 4 Key differentially expressed ligands produced by infected immature enterocytes drive the inflammatory process upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
From: Mapping the epithelial–immune cell interactome upon infection in the gut and the upper airways
Ranking | Ligand | Ligand description | Organoid type | Expression change upon SARS-CoV-2 infection | Regulation by cytokines | Known to affect immune cells | Directly explain patients’ blood cytokine levels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CXCL2 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 | Colonic, Ileal | Up | IFNG, TNF, IL-17, IL-22 (up) | Neutrophils (1,2), fibroblasts, T cells, NK cell and CD8a+ DCs (1), leukocytes (2) | ✓ |
1 | CXCL3 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 | Colonic, Ileal | Up | TNF, IL-22 (up) | Neutrophils, fibroblasts (1), T cells (2) | ✓ |
1 | CXCL10 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 | Colonic, Ileal | Up | IFNG, TNF (up) | DC, Th1, NK cells, B cells, monocytes (1), and 29 additional immune cell types (2) | ✓ |
1 | CSF1 | Colony stimulating factor 1 | Colonic | Up | 35 immune cell types (2) | ✓ | |
1 | CXCL11 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11 | Ileal | Up | n.d. (3) | DC (1,2), B cells, NK cells, Th1, monocytes, macrophages (1), lymphocytes, T cells, CD8+ alpha/beta T cell (2) | ✓ |
2 | TNFSF13B | TNF Superfamily Member 13b | Ileal | Up | n.d. | B cell, T cell, follicular B cell, naïve B cell, Th17, neutrophils, monocytes (2) | ✓ |
2 | LAMC2 | Laminin Subunit Gamma 2 | Colonic | Down | TNF, IL-22 (up) | ||
2 | CCL5 | C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 | Ileal | Up | n.d. (3) | T cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK cells, DC, Memory T cells, Th1 and Th2 (1), and 23 additional immune cell types (2) | |
2 | CX3CL1 | C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 | Ileal | Up | n.d. (3) | Monocytes, T cells, neutrophil, NK, DC, Mast cells and microglia (1), and 19 additional immune cell types (2) | |
2 | CXCL8 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 | Ileal | Up | n.d. (3) | Neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, naïve T cells, CD8+ T cells, monocytes (1), and 44 additional immune cell types (2) | |
3 | ICAM1 | Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 | Colonic, Ileal | Up | IFNG, TNF, IL-22 (up) | ||
3 | IL32 | Interleukin 32 | Colonic | Down | IFNG, TNF (up) | ||
3 | AREG | Amphiregulin | Colonic | Down | IFNG (up), IL-13 (down) | ||
3 | TNF | Tumour Necrosis Factor | Colonic, Ileal | Up | TNF, IL-22 (+) | Non-specific: 129 immune cell types (2) | |
3 | B2M | Beta-2-immunoglobulin | Colonic, Ileal | Down | IFNG (up) | ||
3 | HLA-A | Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A | Colonic, Ileal | Down | IFNG (up) | ||
3 | HLA-B | Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B | Colonic, Ileal | Down | IFNG (up) | ||
3 | LAMB3 | Laminin Subunit Beta 3 | Colonic | Down |
