Fig. 5: ER stress signaling in skeletal muscle cells leading to muscle atrophy.
From: A molecular systems architecture of neuromuscular junction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Misfolded proteins in the ER upregulate BiP/IRE1α signaling and BiP/PERK signaling in the skeletal muscle cell leading to muscle atrophy via caspase 3 and GADD34. GADD34 Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34. Double-sided orange rectangle represents a molecular pathway within a cell; black arrow represents signal propagation; purple lozenge represents mRNA; small dark blue rectangle represents a protein or enzyme; purple lozenge represents mRNA; and, small pink rectangle represents mutated protein/enzyme.
