Fig. 2: Effect of medium composition and oxygen availability on the productivity of communities vs monocultures.

The average productivity ratio of communities across all products and environments is represented. Positive values (blue) indicate increased productivity in communities compared to monocultures, while negative values (red) indicate a decline. In cases where monoculture productivity is extremely low, leading to an exceptionally high productivity ratio, we classify it as ‘High’ and denote it with a navy-blue colour. Hierarchical clustering was conducted using the complete linkage method.