Fig. 7: Evaluation of UDEs with approximated observable mapping.
From: Current state and open problems in universal differential equations for systems biology
a Schematic of the UDE setup for Scenario 4 where black elements correspond to mechanistic ODE terms and red elements indicate ANNs. b, c Best fitted UDE for Scenario 4 without and with regularisation. d Total optimisation time for each trained UDE per Scenario. e Mean and median total optimisation time by Scenario. f Comparison of the inferred hANN and corresponding observation function in the reference model, on the same input. A variety of inputs were taken from the reference ODE (left) and optimised UDE (right) simulations.
