Table 3 Overview of multi-start settings per problem and Scenario

From: Current state and open problems in universal differential equations for systems biology

Scenario

# Starts

Hyperparameter

Values

Glycolysis (per data set)

10 000

# Hidden layers

1, 2, 3, 4

  

# Neurons/layer

3, 5, 10

  

Activation function

tanh, relu, Gaussian rbf, swish

  

Regularisation

None or λ ∈ [10−4, 10−1]

  

ADAM learning rate

r ∈ [10−4, 10−1]

  

Input normalisation

on, off

STAT5 dimerisation Scenario 1-3

3 000

# Hidden layers

3

  

# Neurons/layer

5

  

Activation function

tanh

  

Regularisation

None or λ ∈ [10−3, 1]

  

ADAM learning rate

r ∈ [10−4, 10−2]

  

Input normalisation

on, off

STAT5 dimerisation Scenario 4

30 000

# Hidden layers

1, 2, 3, 4

  

# Neurons/layer

3, 5, 10

  

Activation function

tanh, relu, Gaussian rbf, swish

  

Regularisation

None or λ ∈ [10−3, 103]

  

ADAM learning rate

r ∈ [10−4, 10−1]

  

Input normalisation

on, off