Fig. 1: Modelling c-peptide production with a conventionally trained universal differential equation.
a Schematic overview of the van Cauter22 model of c-peptide kinetics, depicting the location of the neural network that describes the production of c-peptide (P(t)) depending on plasma glucose (Gpl). The blue circles indicate the c-peptide state variables (Cpl and Cint for the plasma and interstitial fluid compartments respectively). The green circle depicts the plasma glucose level. Solid arrows represent fluxes, and dashed arrows indicate stimulation. Each flux arrow is labeled with their respective kinetic parameter. b Mean squared error (MSE) distributions of the UDE model, trained on average response data, on each individual in the used dataset, split by train and test set, and grouped by glucose tolerance status. c–e Mean (circles) and standard deviations (error bars) of the data, and UDE model predictions (solid lines) given the mean data per glucose tolerance condition.
