Fig. 6

SAPN adjuvanted with GLA-SE have peptides that are presented by MHC molecules on the follicular dendritic cells¹⁴ to T lymphocytes. GLA-SE and flagellin are ligands of TLR-4 and TLR-5 receptors, respectively. Ligating these receptors leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α) and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the antigen-presenting cell surface. It remains to be determined whether the GLA-SE emulsion independently ligates TLR4 or whether SAPN are entrapped in the emulsion when this occurs, so both possibilities are shown. Original diagram for polyepitope for 5 A11 peptides²⁵ provide a foundation to which concepts demonstrated in studies herein were added