Fig. 4: Whole-blood transcriptomic response to immunization in control and immunized groups.

a A principal component analysis (PCA) on the top 500 most DEG of CONT (black) and immunized IM + IMM (orange) cows after the first injection (I7) shows that the expression profile of blood cells changes upon systemic immunization. b Venn diagram of identified genes in control, intramuscular and intramammary groups at 7 days after booster injection (B7) compared to I0 (before immunization). c A modular analysis on B7 gene expression shows the significant difference (p value < 10−5) of upregulated biological functions between CONT, IM, and IMM groups.