Fig. 1: Timelines for mRNA immunization experiment.

a Groups of female Balb/c mice were immunized (Im) with 3 μg, 10 μg, and 30 μg of mRNA-LNPs encoding either Pfs25 or PfCSP. Another group of mice received a combination of 10 μg of both Pfs25 and PfCSP mRNA-LNPs. In parallel, mice were also immunized with 50 μg of DNA plasmids encoding Pfs25 or PfCSP and a combination of 25 μg of both Pfs25 and PfCSP DNA plasmids. Immunizations were repeated as indicated, and test bleeds (B1-B4) and final bleeds (FB1 and FB2) were collected at indicated time points. Mice immunized with 3 μg and 10 μg Pfs25 mRNA-LNP were terminally bled at 12 weeks (FB1) while all other groups were terminally bled at 24 weeks (FB2). Mice immunized with PfCSP mRNA or DNA plasmids were challenged (Ch1 and Ch2) with sporozoites of PbPfCSP-GFPLuc to assess protection. 30 μg Pfs25 mRNA-LNP and Pfs25 DNA immunized mice were used as a negative control for sporozoite challenge experiments. b Table of immunization parameters corresponding to timeline in (a).