Fig. 1: Generation of plasmid pCTV-WSpike (pCTV-WS).

a Schematic representation of plasmid pCTV-WS used in immunogenicity and protection assays against COVID-19. b Confirmatory digestion showing the presence of a ~3.8 Kb fragment corresponding to gene sequence of S protein from SARS-CoV-2 and the pCTV vector with approximate size of ~3.0 Kb. c, d Representative western blot showing WS protein expression in HEK-293 cells after transfection with pCTVØ (black bar), pCDNA-WS (green bar), pCDNA-WS_PP (blue bar) and pCTV-WS_PP (red bar). PP proline mutation. e Immunofluorescence performed with Vero E6 cells transfected with pCTV-WS and incubated with sera from mice immunized with pCTVØ (upper panel) or pCTV-WS (lower panel). Data pooled from two independent experiments. The statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Bars represent mean ± SEM.