Table 4 Summary of investment costs.
| Â | Pharma MNC investment (millions, USD) | DCVM investment (millions, USD) |
|---|---|---|
Preclinical development | $26 | $8 |
Phase 1 | $20 | $10 |
Phase 2 | $40 | $25 |
Phase 3 | $200 | $70 |
Process development | $12 | $10 |
Regulatory activities | $5 | $2 |
Building manufacturing capacity | $150 | $40 |
Post-marketing activities | $75 | $20 |
Total | $528 | $185 |
Risk-adjusted total | $979 | $372 |
