Fig. 1: Co-administration of NP enhanced the 3M2e-specific immune responses. | npj Vaccines

Fig. 1: Co-administration of NP enhanced the 3M2e-specific immune responses.

From: Addressing unexpected bacterial RNA safety concerns of E. coli produced influenza NP through CpG loaded mutant

Fig. 1

A Scheme of the mouse experiment. Mice were immunized three times, and sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to determine the antigen-specific antibodies. Splenocytes were collected for analysis of cellular immune responses. Lung tissue was collected for histopathological analysis. Mice (n = 5) were challenged with 5 × LD50 of A/PR/8/34 (B) and 2.75 × LD50 of A/SD/12/2019 (C) 2 weeks after the last immunization. Weight loss and survival rate were monitored daily for 14 days. The statistical significance of survival curves was determined by the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. ns: PBS versus NP, **PBS versus 3M2e/NP, *NP versus 3M2e/NP. M2e-specific (D) and NP-specific (E) immune responses were determined as described in the Materials and Methods (n = 3 to 5 per group). Data were shown as mean ± S.D. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001, respectively (ANOVA).

Back to article page