Fig. 2: A typical schematic representation of submerged nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (NMs-MBR).

A typical schematic representation of submerged (a) aerobic nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (ANMs-MBR). The feed tank was loaded with wastewater influent and the mixture was ensured for continuous flow. Then feed tank was connected into the bioreactor tank through a pump and a membrane module (where different types of nanomaterials membrane can be used) was placed in the bioreactor tank and aeration medium was created by an air compressor in order to obtained simultaneous aeration/filtration system. In addition, a pressure gauge was activated to close the suction pump flow and open the backwash channel when the range of transmembrane pressure out of standard and consequently fouling on the membrane surface appeared. Finally, the effluent tank collected clean water for further application. b Anaerobic nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (AnNMs-MBR). The feed tank loaded wastewater influent was pumped into the bioreactor with a membrane module (where different types of nanomaterials membrane can be used). In this case, the reactor was fully air locked, and the production of biogas amount was detected by a portable gas meter. Subsequently, clean water was storage at the effluent tank for further use.