Table 1 Applications of nanofibers membrane bioreactor (NFs-MBR) system.
From: A critical review on nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (NMs-MBR) for wastewater treatment
Membrane materials | Membrane characteristics | Wastewater type/characteristics | Configuration | Operational conditions | Performance | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyamide (PA) 6, Polyamide 66, Polyamide 69 | Mean pore size = 0.21 µm, Fiber diameter = 250 nm, Area-weight = 20 g m-2 | Synthetic wastewater COD = 433 mg L−1, TN = 11.3 mg L−1, TP = 1.8 mg L−1, NH4+-N = 1.8 mg L−1, NO3-N = 1.5 mg L−1, PO4-P = 0.7 mg L−1 | HT-MBR | V = 50 L, HRT = 0.5 d, R = 3/1, A = 0.0073 | Flux decreased | |
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/fumarate-alumoxane (Fum-A) nanoparticles | Fiber diameter = 223.16 nm, Porosity = 74.55%, Membrane area = 12.56 cm2 | Industrial wastewater | Filtration + MBR | 400 rpm for 20 min, operating pressure of 1 atm and 25 °C | Flux recovery ratio, FRR (96%); lowest irreversible fouling (4%) for 2 wt% Fum-A addition | |
Polyacrylic acid (PAA), polysulfone (PSf) and polyethylenimine (PEI), polyamide (PA) | Mean pore size = 0.4 µm, Fiber diameter = 50–100 nm, Thickness = 120 µm | Municipal wastewater DO = 3.9 and 4.1 mg O2 L−1 | Submerged MBR | V = 50 L, HRT = 0.5 d, R = 3/1, V/V = 2/1, A = 0.0073 m2, T = 20 °C | Flux decreased Turbidity (99%), TSS (99%), COD (94%), NH4+ (93%) | |
Nylon 6 | Mean pore size = 0.4 µm, Fiber diameter = 100 nm, Thickness = 120 µm. | Municipal wastewater | TF-MBR | V = 50 L, HRT = 0.5 d, R = 3/1, A = 0.0073 | Higher flux turbidity (99%), TSS (99%), COD (94%) and NH4+ (93%) | |
Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) | Mean pore size = 0.45 μm, Porosity = 82.8 % | Synthetic wastewater | MBR | V = 12 L, Flux = 10 L m−2 h−1, HRT = 6 h, SRT = 10d, MLSS = 11,017 ± 980 mg L−1, MLVSS = 10,858 ± 970 mg L−1, DO = 7.6 ± 0.1 mg O2 L−1 | Short-term fouling COD (98 ± 0.1%), TN (6 ± 0.6%), TP (16 ± 0.9%), SS ( > 99%) | |
PAN/silver nanoparticles | Membrane area = 19.6 cm2 | Municipal wastewater DO = 1–2 mg O2 L−1, COD = 433 mg L−1 | Submerged MBR | V = 5 L, HRT = 20 h, MLSS = 4500–5200 mg L−1, turbidity = 17.6 NTU, pH = 7.0–7.5, T = 12–20 °C | Flux recovery ratio (85%–93%) | |
PVDF | Nanofiber diameter = 129 ± 13 nm, Thickness =56 ± 1 μm | Phenol solution | Extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) | V = 1 L, pH = 6.9 ± 0.4, flow rate = 15 mL min−1, T = 20 °C | 4 times higher phenol extraction efficiency than that of the commercial silicone rubber | |
PVDF | Membrane area = 238 cm2 | Industrial wastewater pH = 7.5 ± 0.4, conductivity = 5.1 ± 0.4 mS cm−1. TOC = 571 ± 50 ppm | Submerged EMBR | V = 1 L, pH = 6.9 ± 0.4, conductivity = 4.7 ± 0.4 mS cm−1 | 10 times higher phenol extraction efficiency compared to the commercial membrane | |
PDMS/PMMA | Porosity = 64.9 ± 8.2%, Thickness = ~56.5 μm | Synthetic phenol saline wastewater | EMBR | V = 2 L, HRT = 24 h, flow rate =0.083 L h−1 | Phenol removal rate 508.9 mg L−1 d−1, mass transfer coefficient 8.8 × 10−7 m s−1 | |
PDMS/PMMA | Effective area = 0.0048 m2 | Phenol-laden saline wastewater | External EMBR | V = 4.5 L, HRT = 20 h, DO = 0.5–1.5 mg L−1, pH = 7.1–7.5, T = 24–26 °C | Phenol removal efficiency (99.2–100.0%) | |
PVDF | Effective area = 0.042 m2 | Synthetic wastewater | Anaerobic membrane bioreactor | V = 5 L, HRT = 8 h, MLVSS = 3000 mg L−1, COD = 450 mg L−1, T = 25 °C | Suspended solids removal >99% |
