Table 2 Twenty-four-hour urinary minerals and cardiometabolic biomarkers across person-visits of different drinking water sources.
Twenty-four-hour urine minerals and cardiometabolic biomarkers | Rainwater (N = 1620 person-visits) | Pondwater (N = 2836 person-visits) | Coastal groundwater (N = 3225 person-visits) | Non-coastal groundwater (N = 1773 person-visits) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Urine Na (mmol/24 hours), mean (95% CI) | 138.5 (134.7, 142.3) | 159.6 (157.0, 162.2) | 166.5 (164.0, 169.2) | 135.2 (131.6, 138.8) |
Urine chloride (mmol/24 hours), mean (95% CI) | 147.7 (144.2, 151.1) | 171.7 (168.9, 174.5) | 175.4 (172.6, 178.3) | 143.8 (139.7, 148.0) |
Urine K (mmol/24 hours), mean (95% CI) | 31.8 (31.1, 32.6) | 33.5 (32.9, 34.0) | 33.3 (32.8, 33.9) | 23.9 (23.3, 24.5) |
Urine Ca (mmol/24 hours), median (IQR) | 2.7 (1.6–4.2) | 3.3 (2.0–5.0) | 3.6 (2.0–5.9) | 2.1 (1.3–3.5) |
Urine Mg (mmol/24 hours), mean (95% CI) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.4) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) |
SBP (mm Hg), mean (95% CI) | 114.2 (113.4, 115.0) | 114.0 (113.4, 114.6) | 111.2 (110.7, 111.8) | 108.2 (107.5, 108.9) |
DBP (mm Hg), mean (95% CI) | 68.3 (67.8, 68.8) | 68.1 (67.7, 68.5) | 66.0 (65.6, 66.3) | 66.6 (66.1, 67.1) |
Urine total protein (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 174.0 (98.6–278.9) | 187.7 (102.9–320.2) | 188.7 (111.4–294.5) | 105.8 (55.8–177.3) |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), mean (95% CI) | 6.6 (6.5, 6.8) | 6.3 (6.2, 6.5) | 5.3 (5.2, 5.5) | 6.9 (6.8, 7.0) |
Fasting triglycerides (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 133 (87–196) | 108 (72–167) | 106 (69–178) | — |
Fasting total cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (95% CI) | 164.2 (155.9, 172.5) | 145.4 (140.5, 150.2) | 161.9 (158.3, 165.5) | — |
HDL-C (mg/dl), mean (95% CI) | 34.1 (32.6, 35.7) | 37.3 (36.2, 38.4) | 36.2 (35.5, 37.0) | — |
