Fig. 4: Experimental selectivity and output water quality.
From: Long-lasting, monovalent-selective capacitive deionization electrodes
a A schematic representation of a cathode nanopore in the P–P cell and the S–P cell containing charged sulfonic (SO3−) groups. b Measured separation factor, \(\beta _{{\mathrm {Ca}}^{2+}}^{{\mathrm {Na}}^+}\), for the P–P and S–P cells for full-cycle times (FCTs) of 6, 15, and 30 min. c Measured desalinated water SAR and conductivity for the P–P and S–P cells for FCT of 30, d 15, and e 6 min. In panels c–e, feed conditions are represented by dashed horizontal and vertical lines.
