Table 2 Operating pressure and permeate quality of SWRO for the different cases (selected based on the performance test results, with a total of eight cases: four in FO mode and four in PAO mode, using the two-stage RO as the control), with a total plant recovery rate of 80%.
From: Forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process incorporated with hollow fiber FO
SWRO | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | Case 8 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (%) | Two-stage RO | F1.5-D0.35 | F1.0-D0.35 | F1.5-D0.20 | F0.7-D0.20 | PAO (3 bar) F1.5-D0.35 | PAO (3 bar) F1.0-D0.35 | PAO (2 bar) F0.7-D0.35 | PAO (2 bar) F1.5-D0.35 | |
80 | P (bar) | 155.1 | 74.6 | 93.8 | 63.2 | 67.6 | 37.9 | 42.8 | 43.4 | 63.2 |
Perm. conc. (mg/L) | 567.8 | 305.0 | 375.3 | 259.8 | 277.6 | 149.1 | 171.7 | 174.5 | 259.8 | |
SEC (kWh/m3) | 6.02 | 2.88 | 3.62 | 2.43 | 2.60 | 1.46 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 2.43 |