Table 2 Operating pressure and permeate quality of SWRO for the different cases (selected based on the performance test results, with a total of eight cases: four in FO mode and four in PAO mode, using the two-stage RO as the control), with a total plant recovery rate of 80%.

From: Forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process incorporated with hollow fiber FO

  

SWRO

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

R (%)

 

Two-stage RO

F1.5-D0.35

F1.0-D0.35

F1.5-D0.20

F0.7-D0.20

PAO (3 bar)

F1.5-D0.35

PAO (3 bar)

F1.0-D0.35

PAO (2 bar)

F0.7-D0.35

PAO (2 bar)

F1.5-D0.35

80

P (bar)

155.1

74.6

93.8

63.2

67.6

37.9

42.8

43.4

63.2

Perm. conc. (mg/L)

567.8

305.0

375.3

259.8

277.6

149.1

171.7

174.5

259.8

SEC (kWh/m3)

6.02

2.88

3.62

2.43

2.60

1.46

1.65

1.67

2.43

  1. R recovery rate, P pressure, perm. conc. permeate concentration.