Table 3 Operation conditions.
From: Forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process incorporated with hollow fiber FO
Operation mode | FO mode | PAO mode |
|---|---|---|
FS type and conc. (mg/L) | DI water | Synthetic seawater (NaCl 99%) and 10,000–25,000 |
DS type and conc. (mg/L) | Synthetic seawater (NaCl 99%) and 10,000 to 35,000 | Synthetic seawater to brine (NaCl 99%) 35,000–80,000 |
FS flow rate (L/min) CFV (m/s) | 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 0.016, 0.02 and 0.03 | 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 |
DS flow rate (L/min) CFV (m/s) | 0.20 and 0.35 4.7 and 8.3 | 0.35 |
Operation pressure (bar) | 0 | 2, 3, and 4 |
