Table 2 EDX results of the AEMs and CEMs of the patterned stack after continuous reverse electrodialysis operation for 5 days. The values with standard deviations were measured from three data points and the others correspond to a single data point.

From: Fouling behavior of wavy-patterned pore-filling membranes in reverse electrodialysis under natural seawater and sewage effluents

Atomic%

Patterned AEM

Patterned CEM

Underground seawater side

Sewage effluent side

Underground seawater side

Sewage effluent side

Carbon

54.4 ± 23.3

63.0 ± 5.6

44.6 ± 30.0

61.0 ± 5.4

Oxygen

34.0 ± 16.2

27.6 ± 5.5

38.8 ± 22.4

28.8 ± 3.4

Sodium

2.0 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.3

1.6 ± 1.6

1.7 ± 0.4

Magnesium

0.8

0

0.5 ± 0.5

0.4 ± 0.4

Silicon

0.9 ± 1.2

0.4 ± 0.2

2.73

0.3 ± 0.2

Calcium

0.6 ± 0.7

0.3

3.8 ± 4.5

1.8 ± 0.8

Iron

3.1 ± 2.6

1.0 ± 0.9

8.5

0.7 ± 0.7

Sulfur

1.7 ± 1.2

1.7 ± 1.0

6.1 ± 4.2

4.3 ± 1.1

Phosphorus

0.8

0.5 ± 0.4

0

0.9

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