Fig. 10: Evaluation of membrane stability.

a IEC of CQACNT-6 composite membrane dipped in DI water for different time intervals (1–10 d); b WCA of CQACNT-6 composite membrane dipped in DI water for different time intervals (1–10 d); c FT-IR spectra of CQACNT-6 composite membranes; d PWP and removal efficiency of CQACNT-6 composite membrane during alkaline stability test for 1, 5, and 10 d. Error bars represent the standard deviation between three reported values.