Table 2 Characteristics of water samples available for assessment of accuracy of at-home biosensor fluoride tests (n = 57)a.

From: The accuracy and usability of point-of-use fluoride biosensors in rural Kenya

Characteristic

  

Water sample source

  
 

Borehole/tube well

28 (49.1%)

 

Rainwater

11 (19.3%)

 

Protected dug well

10 (17.5%)

 

Rainwater combined with borehole water

5 (8.7%)

 

Surface water

1 (1.8%)

 

Bottled water

1 (1.8%)

 

Tap water

1 (1.8%)

Time needed for collection (roundtrip, in min)

 
 

Mean (SD)

5.4 (13.0)

Is sample used for cooking or drinking?

 
 

Yes

48 (84.2%)

 

No

9 (15.8%)

Was sample treated?b

  
 

Yes

4 (7.0%)

 

No

53 (93.0%)

Is respondent concerned about fluoride from this source?

 
 

Yes

10 (17.5%)

 

No

47 (82.4%)

Fluoride concentrationc

  
 

≥1.5 ppm

45 (78.9%)

 

<1.5 ppm

12 (21.1%)

  1. aThe first 33 of the 90 water samples were not usable for assessment of accuracy because of biosensor test degradation due to shipment conditions.
  2. bTreatment methods included chlorine tablets, distillation, and/or filtration.
  3. cAs ascertained by fluorimeter.