Fig. 1: Cyber-physical network of a digitalized water utility—simplified schematic.
From: A survey of water utilities’ digital transformation: drivers, impacts, and enabling technologies

Each numerical label represents one of the following five subdivisions: (1) water supply & drinking water treatment (WS), (2) water distribution network & operation systems (WD), (3) wastewater & rainwater management (WW), (4) customers & demand management (CD), and (5) data warehouse & IT systems (IT). Binary sequences are illustrative only.