Fig. 1: Schematic presentation of the substrate.

a AAO substrate fabrication process and b surface functionalization scheme of the AAO membrane with silane followed by sequential PDA coating and AQP liposome immobilization. The functionalization process increases the membrane stability and performance by enabling uniform coating of AQP liposomes on the surface. The silane and PDA coating on the substrate surface decreases surface roughness and provides cushioning support to the AQP liposomes. Under the applied electric field, the charged liposomes can easily move to the smooth surface for uniform immobilization.