Table 4 Energy parameters affected by structural parameters
membrane composition | The method of mitigate ICP phenomenon | Structural parameter Sc (μm) | Feed solution/Draw sloution | φF under FO mode | θF under FO mode | φP under PRO mode | θP under PRO mode | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POD − TFC | Control | 797 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 3.102 × 10−23 | 1 | 5.377 × 10−22 | 1 | |
40 mol % PTA − TFC | In-situ mineralization | 236 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 2.482 × 10−22 | 8.001 | 2.260 × 10−21 | 4.203 | |
TFC | Control | 4834 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 3.514 × 10−25 | 1 | 1.320 × 10−24 | 1 | |
TFC32 (15/10/75)wt% PSf /CaCO3/NMP | Chemical-etching | 525 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 1.234 × 10−22 | 393.7 | 6.189 × 10−22 | 468.9 | |
TFC M-0 | Control | 2223 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 1.734 × 10−24 | 1 | 1.925 × 10−23 | 1 | |
TFC M-5 5% wt% ZnO to PVDF | Chemical-etching | 413 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 5.054 × 10−23 | 29.15 | 1.135 × 10−22 | 5.897 | |
Unmodified-TFC | Control | 2410 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 2.375 × 10−24 | 1 | 3.394 × 10−22 | 1 | |
Modified-TFC non-swelling hydrophobic fiber | Surface modification | 193 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 3.167 × 10−22 | 84.46 | 1.027 × 10−21 | 3.025 | |
TFC-control | Control | 1011 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 1.188 × 10−22 | 1 | 2.958 × 10−22 | 1 | |
TFC-25.0 (11.25/3.75, wt%) PSf /BPSH100-BPS0 | Blending hydrophilic components | 397 | DI water /2 M NaCl | 4.918 × 10−22 | 4.139 | 3.017 × 10−21 | 10.10 |
