Table 4 Characteristics of the selected antiscaling agents and experimental conditions chosen to study their influence on scaling from hard water (HW) and synthetic seawater (SW)
Acronym | Chemistry | MW [g/mol] | pKa | Type | Measurement conditions | N° exp. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | T / °C | ||||||||
PA 25 Cl | Poly(acrylic acid) | 4000 | 4.5a | HW | 8.2, 9.2, 10.2 | 40, 60 | 177 | ||
CP 50 | Modified poly(acrylic acid) | HW | 8.2, 9.2, 10.2 | 40, 60 | 188 | ||||
EA | Etidronic acid | 206 | 1.7, 2.47 7.28, 11.41b | HW | 8.2, 9.2, 10.2 | 40, 60 | 132 | ||
PSS | Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) | 70000 | 1c | HW | 8.2, 10.2 | 60 | 105 | ||
PAsp | Poly(aspartic acid) (BASF) | 5000 | 3.73d | HW | 8.2, 10.2 | 60 | 78 | ||
PAsp | Poly(aspartic acid) (Alamanda) | 6800 | 3.73d | HW | 8.2, 10.2 | 60 | 32 | ||
PA 25 Cl+ EA | HW | 8.2 | 60 | 112 | |||||
CP 50 + EA | HW | 8.2 | 60 | 61 | |||||
PAsp + EA | HW | 8.2 | 60 | 62 | |||||
pH | Salinity / % | T / °C | |||||||
RO 100 | Modified poly(acrylic acid) | SW | 9.1 | 6.5 | 40 | 24 | |||
RO 3500 | Modified poly(acrylic acid) | SW | 8.0, 9.1 | 8.5 | 40 | 52 | |||
SW | 9.1 | 6.5 | 40 | 16 | |||||
8.0, 9.1 | 8.5 | 40 | 68 | ||||||
ATMP | Amino-tris(methylene phosphonic acid) | 299 | 0.5–1.5e | SW | 9.1 | 6.5 | 40 | 20 | |
5.0–6.0 | 8.0, 9.1 | 8.5 | 40 | 76 | |||||
