Fig. 2: Effect on the structural modifications on the TiO2 photoelectrodes.

a Unit cells of anatase and rutile crystal structures (crystallographic parameters extracted from Materials database76). b Photocurrent density profile (Insert: Nyquist plots). c Tauc plots for various surface modifications of rutile-TiO2 nanorods (RTNRs) (adapted from Zu et al.28). d Photocurrent responses and e cyclic voltammetry of reduced effect for TiO2 nanopores (TNPs) (adapted from Zhang et al.68).