Fig. 5: Limiting the use of synthetic flocculant for flocs separation via screening.

Pressed turbidity with different screen mesh sizes with 0.2 mg c-PAM/L (a), 0.35 mg c-PAM/L (b), and 1.2 mg c-PAM/L (c). d Pressed turbidity obtained with different c-PAM concentrations and screen mesh sizes. Settled turbidities in d are shown as a reference (no pressing was performed). Conditions for a–d: 4 min of mixing, pH 7 ± 0.5, temperature of 21 °C, 3 min of settling (if any), tested screen mesh size: 100, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 µm. Type of PAM: c-PAM 3. Fiber concentration: 200 mg/L. Turbidity of raw water: 6 ± 0.5 NTU. Dashed lines are included as eye guides connecting average values obtained from duplicate experiments.