Fig. 2

a, b High-resolution N 1s and O 1s spectra of the ZrSS and PAN membrane; c synchrotron-based XRF mappings of the Zr element distribution on the surface and cross-section of the ZrSS membrane; d synchrotron-based MID-IR mappings (200 µm × 200 µm) of the Amide I group distribution on the PAN and ZrSS membrane surface; e synchrotron-based R-space Zr EXAFS (normalized Zr K-edge XANES spectra in illustration) spectra of the ZrSS NCs and ZrSS membrane.