Fig. 8: Competitive and synergistic adsorption in binary systems.

Adsorption efficiency of Fe-MOFs for EY (a) and AF (b), Ni-MOFs for NR (c) and MG (d), Ni/Fe (1:1) MOFs for AF (e) and PB (f) in binary system dyes. a, b EY (37.5–150 mg/L) coexisting with AF (37.5–150 mg/L). Fe-MOFs exhibit competitive adsorption for EY and AF. c, d NR (300–1200 mg/L) coexisting with MG (300–1200 mg/L). Ni-MOFs synergistically adsorb NR and MG. e, f AF (50–200 mg/L) coexisting with PB (50–200 mg/L). Ni/Fe (1:1) MOFs show competition between AF and PB. Efficiency reductions in binary systems highlight selective interactions.