Fig. 1: Performance evaluation of isotopes estimation using the MDN model based on various sensors.

a The estimation accuracy of δ15N-NO3− in ETM+. b The estimation accuracy of δ15N-NO3− in MSI. c The estimation accuracy of δ15N-NO3− in UAV. d The estimation accuracy of δ18O-NO3− in ETM+. e The estimation accuracy of δ18O-NO3− in MSI. f The estimation accuracy of δ18O-NO3− in UAV. In both (a, b, d, e), the blue dots represent all dataset, the red dots represent study area dataset. The solid blue lines in all figures represent the fit curves of the blue dots, the red area represents the 5% error interval.