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KAGRA: 2.5 generation interferometric gravitational wave detector

Nature Astronomy volume 3, pages 35–40 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

The recent detections of gravitational waves (GWs) reported by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations have made a significant impact on physics and astronomy. A global network of GW detectors will play a key role in uncovering the unknown nature of the sources in coordinated observations with astronomical telescopes and detectors. Here we introduce KAGRA, a new GW detector with two 3 km baseline arms arranged in an ‘L’ shape. KAGRA’s design is similar to the second generations of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, but it will be operating at cryogenic temperatures with sapphire mirrors. This low-temperature feature is advantageous for improving the sensitivity around 100 Hz and is considered to be an important feature for the third-generation GW detector concept (for example, the Einstein Telescope of Europe or the Cosmic Explorer of the United States). Hence, KAGRA is often called a 2.5-generation GW detector based on laser interferometry. KAGRA’s first observation run is scheduled in late 2019, aiming to join the third observation run of the advanced LIGO–Virgo network. When operating along with the existing GW detectors, KAGRA will be helpful in locating GW sources more accurately and determining the source parameters with higher precision, providing information for follow-up observations of GW trigger candidates.

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Fig. 1: Location of KAGRA.
Fig. 2: Evolution of GW detectors in Japan.
Fig. 3: Observation plans of LIGO, VIRGO and KAGRA.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program (A. Advanced Research Networks), JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133, the joint research programme of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF) grant of Korea and Computing Infrastructure Project of KISTI-GSDC in Korea, the LIGO project, and the Virgo project. The authors appreciate M. Karouzos for his kind feedback to improve the draft.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

    T. Akutsu, M. Ando, M. A. Barton, E. Capocasa, R. Flaminio, M.-K. Fujimoto, M. Leonardi, M. Marchio, K. Nakamura, A. Shoda, R. Takahashi, S. Tanioka, E. N. Tapia San Martin, D. Tatsumi & S. Zeidler

  2. Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

    T. Akutsu, M. Fukushima, B. Ikenoue, Y. Obuchi, S. Saitou, N. Sato & F. Uraguchi

  3. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    M. Ando, N. Aritomi, Y. Enomoto, T. Kawasaki, K. Komori, Y. Michimura, C. P. Ooi, Y. Sakai, T. Shimoda, H. Takeda, K. Tsubono, S. Wada & J. Yokoyama

  4. Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    M. Ando, K. Cannon, K. Eda, F-L. Lin, S. Morisaki, K. Ueno & J. Yokoyama

  5. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    K. Arai, Y. Arai, K. Craig, M. Fukunaga, K. Hasegawa, E. Hirose, T. Kinugawa, T. Morozumi, K. Nagano, M. Nakano, T. Ochi, K. Ono, T. Suzuki, H. Tagoshi, T. Ushiba & H. Yuzurihara

  6. Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    S. Araki & A. Yamamoto

  7. Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    A. Araya & A. Takamori

  8. Department of Mathematics and Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan

    H. Asada

  9. Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Hida, Gifu, Japan

    Y. Aso & N. Ohishi

  10. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

    Y. Aso, K. Okutomi & S. Tanioka

  11. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    S. Atsuta, J. Kasuya, Y. Kataoka, N. Kawai & K. Somiya

  12. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, Hida, Gifu, Japan

    K. Awai, M. Kamiizumi, S. Kawamura, S. Kirii, K. Kokeyama, O. Miyakawa, K. Miyo, S. Miyoki, M. Ohashi, F. E. Peña Arellano, Y. Saito, T. Tomura, T. Uchiyama, T. Yamamoto & T. Yokozawa

  13. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, Korea

    S. Bae & G. Kang

  14. Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan

    L. Baiotti & S. Kanemura

  15. Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

    C-S. Chen, T-W. Chiu, Y-K. Chu, C-Z. Huang, H-S. Kuo, F-L. Lin & W-R. Xu

  16. Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea

    K. Cho & J. Park

  17. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    W. Creus, S. Haino & Y. Inoue

  18. Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    K. Doi, T. Furuhata, K. Hashino, M. Kakizaki, S. Kanbara, H. Kitazawa, F. Matsushima, Y. Moriwaki, K. Yamamoto, K. Yokogawa & T. Yoshioka

  19. Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941, Annecy, France

    R. Flaminio

  20. Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Y. Fujii, H. Tahara & J. Yokoyama

  21. Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, Jonan, Fukuoka, Japan

    K. Hayama & K. Kotake

  22. Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    S. Hirobayashi

  23. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos (RCCN), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    B. H. Hsieh, H. Tanaka, T. Yamada & K. Yamamoto

  24. Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    K. Ioka & M. Shibata

  25. Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka, Japan

    Y. Itoh, T. Kaji, N. Kanda, M. Kaneyama, Y. Kitaoka, A. Miyamoto, K. Nakao, M. Sasai, K. Tanaka & S. Tsuchida

  26. JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

    K. Izumi

  27. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    T. Kajita

  28. Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

    C. Kim

  29. Department of Physics, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea

    J. Kim

  30. Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea

    J. C. Kim & H. W. Lee

  31. National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Korea

    W. S. Kim, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh & E. J. Son

  32. School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea

    Y.-M. Kim

  33. Applied Research Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    N. Kimura & T. Tomaru

  34. Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

    Y. Kojima

  35. Department of Physics and Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    A. K. H. Kong & W.-T. Ni

  36. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos (RCCN), The University of Tokyo, Hida, Gifu, Japan

    R. Kozu & T. Miyamoto

  37. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    R. Kumar

  38. Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    S. Kuroyanagi & A. Nishizawa

  39. Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

    H. K. Lee

  40. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon, Korea

    H. M. Lee

  41. National Center for High-Performance Computing, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    C-Y. Lin

  42. Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

    G. C. Liu

  43. Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    Y. Liu

  44. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy

    E. Majorana & L. Naticchioni

  45. The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

    S. Mano

  46. School of Physics, Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS), Seoul, Korea

    T. Matsui

  47. Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    N. Mio

  48. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan

    W. Morii

  49. Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan

    M. Musha & A. Suemasa

  50. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo, Japan

    S. Nagano

  51. Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    T. Nakamura, T. Narikawa, N. Seto & T. Tanaka

  52. Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan

    H. Nakano

  53. Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    L. Nguyen Quynh

  54. Department of Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Wuhan, China

    W.-T. Ni

  55. The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

    W.-T. Ni

  56. Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan

    M. Ohkawa, T. Sato & T. Suzuki

  57. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan

    K. Oohara, Y. Sakai, T. Wakamatsu & Y. Watanabe

  58. Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 30011, Taiwan

    S-S. Pan

  59. Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy

    I. Pinto

  60. Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

    N. Sago

  61. Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    M. Saijo

  62. National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan

    K. Sakai

  63. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU), Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    M. Sasaki

  64. Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan

    Y. Sasaki, H. Takahashi & S. Ueki

  65. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan

    S. Sato

  66. Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan

    Y. Sekiguchi

  67. Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan

    H. Shinkai & S. Yamamoto

  68. School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    T. Shishido

  69. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    F. Travasso & H. Vocca

  70. Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan

    N. Uchikata

  71. Department of Communications, National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan

    T. Uehara

  72. Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    T. Uehara

  73. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea

    M. H. P. M. van Putten

  74. Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

    T. H. Yoon

  75. Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Z.-H. Zhu

Consortia

KAGRA collaboration

  • T. Akutsu
  • , M. Ando
  • , K. Arai
  • , Y. Arai
  • , S. Araki
  • , A. Araya
  • , N. Aritomi
  • , H. Asada
  • , Y. Aso
  • , S. Atsuta
  • , K. Awai
  • , S. Bae
  • , L. Baiotti
  • , M. A. Barton
  • , K. Cannon
  • , E. Capocasa
  • , C-S. Chen
  • , T-W. Chiu
  • , K. Cho
  • , Y-K. Chu
  • , K. Craig
  • , W. Creus
  • , K. Doi
  • , K. Eda
  • , Y. Enomoto
  • , R. Flaminio
  • , Y. Fujii
  • , M.-K. Fujimoto
  • , M. Fukunaga
  • , M. Fukushima
  • , T. Furuhata
  • , S. Haino
  • , K. Hasegawa
  • , K. Hashino
  • , K. Hayama
  • , S. Hirobayashi
  • , E. Hirose
  • , B. H. Hsieh
  • , C-Z. Huang
  • , B. Ikenoue
  • , Y. Inoue
  • , K. Ioka
  • , Y. Itoh
  • , K. Izumi
  • , T. Kaji
  • , T. Kajita
  • , M. Kakizaki
  • , M. Kamiizumi
  • , S. Kanbara
  • , N. Kanda
  • , S. Kanemura
  • , M. Kaneyama
  • , G. Kang
  • , J. Kasuya
  • , Y. Kataoka
  • , N. Kawai
  • , S. Kawamura
  • , T. Kawasaki
  • , C. Kim
  • , J. Kim
  • , J. C. Kim
  • , W. S. Kim
  • , Y.-M. Kim
  • , N. Kimura
  • , T. Kinugawa
  • , S. Kirii
  • , Y. Kitaoka
  • , H. Kitazawa
  • , Y. Kojima
  • , K. Kokeyama
  • , K. Komori
  • , A. K. H. Kong
  • , K. Kotake
  • , R. Kozu
  • , R. Kumar
  • , H-S. Kuo
  • , S. Kuroyanagi
  • , H. K. Lee
  • , H. M. Lee
  • , H. W. Lee
  • , M. Leonardi
  • , C-Y. Lin
  • , F-L. Lin
  • , G. C. Liu
  • , Y. Liu
  • , E. Majorana
  • , S. Mano
  • , M. Marchio
  • , T. Matsui
  • , F. Matsushima
  • , Y. Michimura
  • , N. Mio
  • , O. Miyakawa
  • , A. Miyamoto
  • , T. Miyamoto
  • , K. Miyo
  • , S. Miyoki
  • , W. Morii
  • , S. Morisaki
  • , Y. Moriwaki
  • , T. Morozumi
  • , M. Musha
  • , K. Nagano
  • , S. Nagano
  • , K. Nakamura
  • , T. Nakamura
  • , H. Nakano
  • , M. Nakano
  • , K. Nakao
  • , T. Narikawa
  • , L. Naticchioni
  • , L. Nguyen Quynh
  • , W.-T. Ni
  • , A. Nishizawa
  • , Y. Obuchi
  • , T. Ochi
  • , J. J. Oh
  • , S. H. Oh
  • , M. Ohashi
  • , N. Ohishi
  • , M. Ohkawa
  • , K. Okutomi
  • , K. Ono
  • , K. Oohara
  • , C. P. Ooi
  • , S-S. Pan
  • , J. Park
  • , F. E. Peña Arellano
  • , I. Pinto
  • , N. Sago
  • , M. Saijo
  • , S. Saitou
  • , Y. Saito
  • , K. Sakai
  • , Y. Sakai
  • , Y. Sakai
  • , M. Sasai
  • , M. Sasaki
  • , Y. Sasaki
  • , S. Sato
  • , N. Sato
  • , T. Sato
  • , Y. Sekiguchi
  • , N. Seto
  • , M. Shibata
  • , T. Shimoda
  • , H. Shinkai
  • , T. Shishido
  • , A. Shoda
  • , K. Somiya
  • , E. J. Son
  • , A. Suemasa
  • , T. Suzuki
  • , T. Suzuki
  • , H. Tagoshi
  • , H. Tahara
  • , H. Takahashi
  • , R. Takahashi
  • , A. Takamori
  • , H. Takeda
  • , H. Tanaka
  • , K. Tanaka
  • , T. Tanaka
  • , S. Tanioka
  • , E. N. Tapia San Martin
  • , D. Tatsumi
  • , T. Tomaru
  • , T. Tomura
  • , F. Travasso
  • , K. Tsubono
  • , S. Tsuchida
  • , N. Uchikata
  • , T. Uchiyama
  • , T. Uehara
  • , S. Ueki
  • , K. Ueno
  • , F. Uraguchi
  • , T. Ushiba
  • , M. H. P. M. van Putten
  • , H. Vocca
  • , S. Wada
  • , T. Wakamatsu
  • , Y. Watanabe
  • , W-R. Xu
  • , T. Yamada
  • , A. Yamamoto
  • , K. Yamamoto
  • , K. Yamamoto
  • , S. Yamamoto
  • , T. Yamamoto
  • , K. Yokogawa
  • , J. Yokoyama
  • , T. Yokozawa
  • , T. H. Yoon
  • , T. Yoshioka
  • , H. Yuzurihara
  • , S. Zeidler
  •  & Z.-H. Zhu

Contributions

C. Kim, Y. Michimura, H. Shinkai and A. Shoda were responsible for writing the first draft of the manuscript and incorporated comments from the collaboration in the course of completing the manuscript. All members of the KAGRA collaboration were responsible for the scope and scientific facts of the manuscript, including data analysis and the resulting figures.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to C. Kim, Y. Michimura, H. Shinkai or A. Shoda.

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KAGRA collaboration. KAGRA: 2.5 generation interferometric gravitational wave detector. Nat Astron 3, 35–40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0658-y

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