Extended Data Fig. 4: Spatial and temporal atmospheric effects of repeated stellar flaring on an M-star planet.
From: Persistence of flare-driven atmospheric chemistry on rocky habitable zone worlds
Simulated global time slice distributions of upper atmospheric NO (a-d), OH (e-h), and O3 (i-l) concentrations and their global average time-series (m) that result from exposure to flares with time-evolving proton fluences (n). The simulated planet rotates around M-star TRAPPIST-1 synchronously and has a weak magnetic field. and OH mixing ratios are reported at 0.1 hPa, whereas O3 mixing ratios are reported at 1.0 hPa. Spherical projections are centered on 40∘ N latitude and 225∘ longitude. Red cross denotes the substellar point.
