Extended Data Fig. 2: Fluid threshold prediction comparison to data.

Four methods for predicting the fluid threshold are compared to observed data, where the vertical axis is u*,observed/u*,predicted − 1 (for the labelled prediction) and the horizontal axis is the Galileo number, \({{{\mathcal{G}}}}\). References for the observations are given on the right, where markers with shaded interiors signify experiments not using standard Earth conditions. The correlation coefficient (r2) for each log-log comparison of u*,observed versus is u*,predicted (that is Fig. 2c) is annotated. (a) The prediction in the main text, where A=1. (b) The prediction except \({{{\mathcal{A}}}}\) is a free-parameter. (c) The prediction using the empirical relation of Iversen & White (1982). (d) The prediction using the semiempirical theory of Shao & Lu (2000).