Extended Data Fig. 2: Hovmöller diagrams of CO mole fractions at the LCL for varying oxygen enrichment levels.

The white-blue contours overlaid on top of the plots are the corresponding cloud formations. The horizontal domain is taken over the LCL of the corresponding simulation where the cloud level is indicated using the peak static stability. The cloud contours are scaled uniformly over all panels. For high enrichment cases, only high cloud densities, which are indicative of strong moist convection, are concomitant with increased CO. This is seen most clearly in panels (b)-(d), whereas panel (a) shows that too strong of an inhibition results in fewer long lived convective events. Panels (e)-(g) show that lower enrichment cases exhibit little correlation with strong cloud formation as CO is homogeneously distributed across the LCL without much dynamical inhibition due to low density water clouds.