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Evidence of the fast acceleration of AGN-driven winds at kiloparsec scales

Nature Astronomy volume 9, pages 907–915 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies gain mass through accretion disks. Different models predict that quasi-spherical winds, expelled by black holes during accretion, have a key role in galaxy evolution through regulating star formation and the distribution of metals over kiloparsec scales and sweeping ambient gas to the outskirts of galaxies. Nonetheless, the mechanism that drives these outflows and the amount of energy exchanged between the wind and the galaxy’s interstellar medium remain unclear. Here we analyse the kinematic properties of these winds in a sample of nearby active galaxies using the MOKA3D model, which reproduces the clumpy nature of the interstellar medium. We provide evidence that outflows exhibit a regular radial velocity trend—initially constant or slightly decreasing, followed by rapid acceleration starting at approximately 1 kpc from the nucleus—despite the seemingly complex kinematics. The observed behaviour is consistent with current theoretical understanding of active galactic nucleus outflows, where a momentum-driven phase transitions to an energy-conserving phase beyond 1 kpc. The constant velocity of the momentum-driven wind is then rapidly accelerated following inefficient Compton cooling of post-shock material. The measured radial terminal velocities of the outflows are larger than the escape velocities from the host galaxies, confirming the role of outflows in shaping galaxy evolution as a manifestation of active galactic nucleus feedback.

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Fig. 1: Comparison between observed and modelled moment maps for NGC 1365.
Fig. 2: Intrinsic outflow radial velocity profile as a function of the distance from the AGN in logarithmic scale.
Fig. 3: Ratio between the outflow intrinsic radial velocity and the host galaxy escape velocity as a function of the distance from the AGN.

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All data are public and available on the ESO archive processed data portal at https://archive.eso.org/scienceportal/home.

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Acknowledgements

C.M., G.C., A.M., F.M., F.B., E.B. and G.V. acknowledge the support of the INAF Large Grant 2022 ‘The metal circle: a new sharp view of the baryon cycle up to Cosmic Dawn with the latest generation IFU facilities’. C.M., G.C., A.M., G.T., F.M., F.B. and E.B. also acknowledge the support of grant number PRIN-MUR 2020ACSP5K_002 financed by the European Union–Next Generation EU. E.D.T. is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under grant agreement number 101040751. A.M., F.M. and G.C. acknowledge support from the PRIN-MUR project ‘PROMETEUS’ financed by the European Union–Next Generation EU Mission 4 Component 1 CUP B53D23004750006. S.C. and G.V. acknowledge funding from the European Union (ERC, WINGS, grant number 101040227). G.T. acknowledges financial support from the ERC Advanced Grant under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement AdG GALPHYS, number 101055023).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy

    Cosimo Marconcini, Alessandro Marconi, Lorenzo Ulivi, Martina Scialpi, Elisa Cataldi, Enrico Di Teodoro, Michele Ginolfi, Bianca Moreschini, Nicole Orientale & Bartolomeo Trefoloni

  2. INAF–Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy

    Cosimo Marconcini, Alessandro Marconi, Giovanni Cresci, Filippo Mannucci, Lorenzo Ulivi, Giacomo Venturi, Martina Scialpi, Francesco Belfiore, Elena Bertola, Elisa Cataldi, Avinanda Chakraborty, Quirino D’Amato, Enrico Di Teodoro, Anna Feltre, Michele Ginolfi, Bianca Moreschini, Nicole Orientale & Bartolomeo Trefoloni

  3. University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Lorenzo Ulivi & Martina Scialpi

  4. Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy

    Giacomo Venturi & Stefano Carniani

  5. Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

    Giulia Tozzi

  6. School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    Andrew King

  7. Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Andrew King

  8. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Andrew King

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  1. Cosimo Marconcini
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Contributions

C.M. and A.M. designed and coordinated the work, prepared the figures and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data, the results and the final text.

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Correspondence to Cosimo Marconcini.

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Marconcini, C., Marconi, A., Cresci, G. et al. Evidence of the fast acceleration of AGN-driven winds at kiloparsec scales. Nat Astron 9, 907–915 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02518-6

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