Table 1 Baseline characteristics of HIV-positive hospitalized ART-naïve children at high risk for TB evaluated by TB exosome assays for TB diagnosis (147 children)

From: Diagnosis of paediatric tuberculosis by optically detecting two virulence factors on extracellular vesicles in blood samples

Characteristics

Number of children with results

Total, 147 children

With confirmed TB, 12 children

With unconfirmed TB, 66 children

With unlikely TB, 69 children

Age, years

147

1.8 (0.8, 4.4)

2.9 (1.2, 6.7)

1.9 (1.1, 4.8)

1.6 (0.7, 3.9)

Female, number

147

70 (47.6)

5 (41.7)

30 (45.5)

35 (50.7)

CD4, cell count, cells per μl

146

727.5 (317, 1,240)

487 (156, 800.5)

650 (202, 1,210)

767 (524, 1,445)

CD4, %

146

15 (9, 22)

13 (6, 21.3)

12.9 (6, 19)

17 (12, 24)

Number of children

With severe immunosuppression for HIVa

146

102 (69.9)

9 (75.0)

50 (76.9)

43 (62.3)

Wastedb

114

72 (63.2)

7 (87.5)

34 (66.7)

31 (56.4)

Underweight (WAZ < –2)

147

95 (64.6)

8 (66.7)

47 (71.2)

40 (58.0)

With signs or symptoms suggestive of TBc

147

111 (75.5)

9 (75.0)

56 (84.9)

46 (66.7)

With TST ≥ 5 mm

134

7 (5.2)

1 (9.1)

5 (8.5)

1 (1.6)

With TB exposure

147

25 (17.0)

7 (58.3)

15 (22.7)

3 (4.4)

With CXR suggestive of TB

141

86 (61.0)

11 (91.7)

56 (84.9)

19 (30.2)

With positive respiratory Mtb culture or Xpertd

147

11 (7.5)

11 (91.7)

0

0

With Stool Xpert positivee

130

7 (5.4)

7 (63.6)

0

0

With urine LAM positivef

116

12 (10.3)

3 (37.5)

3 (5.8)

6 (10.7)

With TBTx initiated

147

57 (38.8)

10 (83.3)g

46 (69.7)

1 (1.5)

With TBTx response

57

47 (82.5)

7 (70.0)

40 (87.0)

0

Deadh

147

29 (19.7)

5 (41.7)

14 (21.2)

10 (14.5)

  1. The numbers are provided as medians, with interquartile ranges or the percentage of participants with positive results (with respect to the number of children with results) given in brackets. WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WHZ, weight-for-height z score.
  2. aWHO age-specified percentage of CD4 cut-offs for severe immunosuppression (age < 12 months, <25%; age 12–35 months, <20%; age ≥36 months, <15%) or, in the absence of CD4-percentage data, CD4 count (age < 12 months: <1,500 cells per μl; age 12–35 months, <750 cells per μl; age ≥ 36 months, <350 cells per μl).
  3. bAmong children 5 years and under: WHZ < –2 or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 12.5 cm.
  4. cPersistent cough (>14 d), fever (>7 d), failure to thrive, or lethargy (>7 d). Failure to thrive corresponds to wasted (WHZ < –2 or MUAC < 12.5) or underweight (WAZ < –2) at enrolment (growth trajectories unavailable before enrolment).
  5. dSputum or gastric aspirate.
  6. eIncludes one child with unconfirmed TB who had indeterminate Stool Xpert results.
  7. fIncludes one child with unconfirmed TB and 2 children with unlikely TB who had invalid urine LAM results. Colour change corresponding to manufacturer reference card grade ≥1 was considered positive at the time of the study.
  8. gTwo children with confirmed TB died before initiating TB treatment.
  9. hWithin 6 months of enrolment.
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