Extended Data Fig. 1: DCE-MRI measurements of cell cultures in vitro.

a: the customized chamber to collect cells and perform MRI measurements inside the bench-top MRI system. The cell collection in the MR tube and setup for MRI experiments followed the order from a-1 to a-4. b: An example of the IR-TSE raw images of U87MG at [CA] = 5 mM (upper) and 0 mM (lower). The ROI layer of cell pellet is illustrated with red rectangle. c: The longitudinal relaxation rate constants (R1 ≡ 1/T1) as a function of CA concentration in PBS at room temperature (23.5 ± 1 °C), n = (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3), the data is shown as mean (dots) +/- SEM. d, e: an example of the normalized IR-TSE signal (Supplementary Methods Section 1, equation (1)) of the U87MG cells (ROI-averaged) at CA concentration [CA] = 5 mM (d) and 0 mM (e) in which the blue circles and continuous red curves are the normalized IR-TSE data and the model fitting results with SS model, respectively.