Extended Data Fig. 10: Individual participant EEG and lactate integrated sensing data before, during, and after exercise.

a. Experimental timeline used for the integrated experiments. EEG and lactate recordings from participants 1 (b–d), 2 (e–g), 3 (h–j), 4 (k–m) and 5 (n–p). (b,e,h,k,n) Pre-exercise alpha modulation data from individual participants. (c,f,i,l,o) Lactate CA current measurements from individual participants, showing lactate concentration variation during the experiments. (d,g,j,m,p) Post-exercise alpha modulation data from individual participants. The yellow shaded interval illustrates the 8–12 Hz alpha band. The pre-and post-exercise alpha modulation ratios for the five participants were 2.13 (V2/V2) vs 2.25 (V2/V2), 2.21 (V2/V2) vs 1.58 (V2/V2), 5.04 (V2/V2) vs 4.91 (V2/V2), 3.77 vs 3.24 (V2/V2), and 2.88 vs 3.10 (V2/V2), respectively. For alpha modulation results, the mean and standard deviation of the measured EEG PSD across all 3 electrophysiological sensors per participant are represented by solid lines and shaded bands, respectively.