Extended Data Fig. 2: Flowchart of the atlases-powered lifespan skull-stripping (LifespanStrip) framework.

a, The LifespanStrip framework consists of a brain-extraction module and a registration module. The brain-extraction module is designed to generate an initial estimation of brain intracranial cavity. The registration module aligns an atlas with the estimated brain to offer personalized prior knowledge. Subsequently, the deformation field is applied to the atlas, resulting in the final brain mask. b, The brain-extraction network integrates dual convolution (DC) and dual transformer (DT), detailed in the bottom right corner. c, The registration module includes both rigid registration and deformable registration components.