Table 2 Characteristics of the developmental, internal and external validation datasets for the prediction of incident stroke

From: A deep learning system for detecting silent brain infarction and predicting stroke risk

 

Developmental set

Internal

External-1

External-2

External-3

External-4

External-5

External-6

External-7

External-8

External-9

External-10

External-11

Training set

Tuning set

SDPP

ECHM

NDSP

WTHM

PUDM

CUHK-STDR

SEED

MeLODY

UKB

NICOLA

I-OPTA

AREDS

Fundus images

40,910

5,800

11,610

11,940

10,572

4,548

582

1,002

13,198

11,444

77,682

5,928

260

8,870

Participants

20,455

2,900

5,805

5,970

5,286

2,274

291

501

6,599

5,722

38,841

2,964

130

4,435

Race, n (%)

Chinese

20,455 (100.0)

2,900 (100.0)

5,805 (100.0)

5,970 (100.0)

5,286 (100.0)

2,274 (100.0)

291 (100.0)

501 (100.0)

2,605 (39.5)

1,391 (24.3)

–

–

–

–

Indian

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2,141 (32.4)

1,761 (30.8)

–

–

–

–

Malay

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1,853 (28.1)

2,436 (42.6)

–

–

–

–

Asian

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2,119 (5.5)

–

–

8 (0.2)

White

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

33,428 (86.1)

2,964 (100.0)

130 (100.0)

4,243 (95.7)

Black

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

374 (0.9)

–

–

161 (3.6)

Other

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

134 (2.3)

2,920 (7.5)

–

–

23 (0.5)

Age (years)

45.9 ± 11.4

45.7 ± 11.8

45.8 ± 11.3

45.8 ± 11.4

61.9 ± 3.9

48.6 ± 11.2

52.1 ± 10.9

60.0 ± 13.1

57.3 ± 9.4

59.3 ± 11.3

56.7 ± 8.2

63.5 ± 8.7

71.1 ± 8.1

69.3 ± 5.1

Male, n (%)

13,676 (66.9)

1,981 (68.3)

3,836 (66.1)

3,953 (66.2)

2,242 (42.4)

1,521 (66.9)

164 (56.4)

273 (54.5)

3,437 (52.1)

2,761 (48.3)

17,557 (45.2)

1,560 (52.6)

82 (63.1)

1,948 (43.9)

Smoking, n (%)

6,990 (34.2)

998 (34.4)

1,952 (33.6)

2,043 (34.2)

1,263 (23.9)

760 (33.4)

118 (40.5)

52 (10.4)

1,815 (27.5)

–

17,270 (44.5)

1,384 (46.7)

53 (40.8)

2,446 (55.2)

BMI (kg m−2)

24.5 ± 3.3

24.5 ± 3.3

24.4 ± 3.2

24.4 ± 3.3

25.0 ± 3.3

24.4 ± 3.4

25.3 ± 3.2

25.9 ± 4.5

25.3 ± 4.5

29.0 ± 3.2

27.4 ± 4.8

28.9 ± 5.1

26.9 ± 4.6

27.5 ± 4.9

Systolic BP (mmHg)

121.8 ± 15.5

121.9 ± 15.9

121.7 ± 15.6

121.6 ± 15.4

134.0 ± 15.1

123.8 ± 15.9

123.4 ± 14.5

137.8 ± 20.9

137.3 ± 20.6

138.7 ± 13.8

137.1 ± 18.4

132.0 ± 18.3

144.8 ± 6.5

135.8 ± 14.6

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.6 ± 10.3

73.5 ± 10.7

73.4 ± 10.4

73.4 ± 10.4

83.3 ± 7.8

80.9 ± 11.6

79.4 ± 10.4

77.4 ± 10.6

78.2 ± 10.3

77.2 ± 9.2

81.8 ± 10.0

82.4 ± 10.3

84.8 ± 13.8

77.9 ± 9.3

FPG (mmol l−1)

5.6 ± 1.2

5.7 ± 1.3

5.6 ± 1.1

5.6 ± 1.2

6.3 ± 1.4

5.2 ± 1.2

8.6 ± 2.7

7.8 ± 3.1

–

8.5 ± 4.1

5.2 ± 1.1

5.9 ± 1.8

–

–

HbA1c (%)

5.6 ± 0.7

5.6 ± 0.7

5.6 ± 0.7

5.6 ± 0.7

5.9 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.7

7.5 ± 1.4

7.5 ± 1.4

6.2 ± 1.2

8.0 ± 2.0

18.1 ± 1.4

5.8 ± 0.8

6.4 ± 1.5

–

TC (mmol l−1)

5.0 ± 0.9

5.0 ± 0.9

5.0 ± 0.9

5.0 ± 0.9

5.2 ± 1.0

4.7 ± 0.9

4.6 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 0.9

5.4 ± 1.1

4.7 ± 1.0

5.7 ± 1.1

5.5 ± 1.3

4.8 ± 0.8

4.4 ± 2.8

TG (mmol l−1)

1.7 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.5

1.7 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.3

1.7 ± 1.5

1.7 ± 1.5

1.9 ± 2.2

1.4 ± 0.9

1.8 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 1.3

1.7 ± 1.0

1.6 ± 0.9

1.3 ± 0.7

–

HDL-C (mmol l−1)

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.3

–

LDL-C (mmol l−1)

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 1.0

2.3 ± 0.7

3.4 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 0.9

3.5 ± 0.9

3.4 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 0.9

–

Hypertension, n (%)

5,983 (29.2)

839 (28.9)

1,668 (28.7)

1,721 (28.8)

2,945 (55.7)

768 (33.8)

163 (56.0)

199 (39.7)

3,890 (58.9)

681 (11.9)

20,869 (53.7)

1,035 (34.9)

41 (31.5)

1,681 (37.9)

Antihypertensives, n (%)

3,875 (18.9)

525 (18.1)

1,047 (18.0)

1,094 (18.3)

1,780 (33.7)

416 (18.3)

142 (48.8)

–

2,102 (31.9)

665 (11.6)

7,954 (20.5)

1,083 (36.5)

51 (39.2)

3,693 (83.3)

Diabetes, n (%)

1,972 (9.6)

312 (10.8)

507 (8.7)

577 (9.7)

1,346 (25.5)

233 (10.2)

291 (100.0)

501 (100.0)

1,697 (25.7)

5,722 (100.0)

2,431 (6.3)

220 (7.4)

9 (6.9)

973 (21.9)

Carotid atherosclerosis, n (%)

1,335 (6.5)

200 (6.9)

448 (7.7)

399 (6.7)

–

210 (9.2)

133 (45.7)

–

–

–

–

–

–

1,548 (34.9)

New-onset stroke, n (%)

125 (0.6)

12 (0.4)

39 (0.7)

42 (0.7)

177 (3.3)

19 (0.8)

10 (3.4)

20 (4.0)

84 (1.3)

247 (4.3)

786 (2.0)

14 (0.5)

12 (9.2)

357 (8.0)

Follow-up (years)

2.7 ± 1.7

2.7 ± 1.7

2.7 ± 1.7

2.7 ± 1.7

4.5 ± 0.6

3.2 ± 2.1

3.4 ± 1.4

4.1 ± 2.0

6.1 ± 1.0

2.5 ± 1.5

12.8 ± 1.8

3.5 ± 0.7

6.9 ± 3.8

9.2 ± 2.7

  1. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. or n (%) as appropriate. The en dash means not available. CUHK-STDR, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy; SEED, the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study; MeLODY, the Multiethnic Lifestyle, Obesity, and Diabetes Registry in Malaysia Diabetes Registry in Malaysia cohort; UKB, UK Biobank; NICOLA, The Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal study of Ageing; I-OPTA, Identification of patient-reported barriers to treatment with anti-VEGF for neovascular AMD; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BP, blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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